The experiments were carried out on the muscle SPINDLE (MS) that located onto the soleus muscle (SM) in the anaesthetized rats. After applying a mechanical slow stretch (SS) on the SM, the MS wasn't influenced by this stimulant and it was in a slack status. On the other hand, the MS has showed a dysfunction. The slack status of MS, it means, without electro-mechanical activity for MS that was observed in isolating MS. And this slack status of MS also was occurred by insufficient of γ-motor stimulation. With using the passive stimulating vibration on the MS-SM, again, the slack status of MS was observed. Of course, in this experiment, before that the MS was made up with passive vibration, firstly, the activation of MS was clearly observed by gs-activity. On contrary of the positive effect of  gs into MS, there wasn't a positive effect with gd-activity into MS. But, it's stated that, there was the resting discharge (RD) in the MS during slack status and the RD scale has been significantly acceptable. The MS-RD was created with both of the SS and especially by γs stimulation, though not with gd stimulation.However, it was concluded that, the changing of MS-activity could be caused with the changing length of SK.M. In this process, the MS respond was pertinent to gs-activity. Meanwhile, the activation of γs was followed by activity of MS- chain- afferent. It's seemed that, in this loop of nervo-muscular wasn't any place for activating of MS-bag fiber.

Graphite has recently received a lot of attention due to its numerous applications as well as its unique structure. Machining and machining conditions optimization are very important in reducing machining FORCES among other benefits. In this study, the effect of machining parameters such as SPINDLE speed, cutting depth and feed rate on the machining FORCES was investigated and the optimization of these conditions was done to minimize the FORCES. This research uses the design of experiments to optimize the initial parameters to minimize machining FORCES. These experiments are based on the response surface method and analysis of variances used to identify the most effective factors in machining FORCES. The values of the primary parameters that provide the experiments design software are considered to be the SPINDLE speed between 1000 and 3000 rpm, the feed rate between 1000 and 3000 mm/min, and the cutting depth between 3 and 9 mm. The results show that the machining FORCES increase by increasing the cutting depth and feed rate and decrease by increasing the SPINDLE speed. The results obtained from the optimization also indicate that the machining FORCES reduced to their minimum value at the feed rate of 318. 2072 mm/min, the cutting depth of 0. 9546 mm and the SPINDLE speed of 2356. 7439 rpm.

Introduction: Submandibular region is surgically significant in the head and neck field and a mass in this region may have multiple differential diagnoses. Case Report: An elderly man came with a single 4×2. 5 cm swelling in the neck on the right side, just below the lower jaw, since one month. Ultrasound showed an irregular heterogeneous hypoechoic lesion in the right submandibular space measuring 37×23 mm with mild internal vascularity. The submandibular gland appeared separate but compressed. Fine needle aspiration was suggestive of SPINDLE cell neoplasm. The swelling was excised under general anesthesia. By histopathological examination, the lesion was diagnosed as anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) based on focal immunoreactivity with cyclin D1. The patient then received radiotherapy 60 Gray divided into 30 fractions over 6 weeks. The case had no evidence of recurrence or residual disease six months post-surgery. Conclusion: Tumefactive SPINDLE-cell lesion in the head and neck can comprise inflammatory conditions, benign and malignant neoplasms or borderline neoplasms, such as nodular fasciitis and IMT. The definitive histologic diagnosis of IMT helps in tailoring the treatment modality based on its locally aggressive biologic potential.

SPINDLE cell hemangioma (SCH), formerly called “SPINDLE cell hemangioendothelioma”, is a rare benign histological variant of hemangioma characterized by the presence of two contrast zones, the first zone exhibits large dilated cavernous space with slit-like vascular spaces may show clear endothelial vacuoles resembling fat cells. SCH is often considered as pseudosarcomatous entity; it imposes a diagnostic challenge for oral pathologists due to its resemblance with Kaposi sarcoma. A total of 13 cases of SCH have been reported in the head and neck region to date and only 6 cases have been reported inside the oral cavity. We present a rare case of SCH located on the hard palate, which imitated Kaposi's sarcoma on histopathological examination. The expressions of various markers including EGR, CD 31, and HHV 8 yielded the final diagnosis of SCH. The markers EGR and HHV 8 have never been used in intraoral SCH before to the best of our knowledge; hence, the present report highlights the use of immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of SCH.

SPINDLE cell hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor presenting as multifocal red or bluish nodules on the distal limbs. We present a 57-year-oldwoman with five years history of multiple, soft, violaceous nodules on her hands. Pathologic study indicated SPINDLE cell hemangioma.

Pseudotumour is a benign inflammatory lesion. Mycobacterial SPINDLE cell pseudotumour (MSP) is a rare pseudotumour. It is a benign proliferation of SPINDLE-shaped histiocytes containing acidfast mycobacterium, commonly reported in immunocompromised patients. MSP is usually associated with mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Here, we present the case of a 38-year-old gentleman with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) who presented with low-grade fever for 1-month duration. Clinically, he had generalised lymphadenopathy. Chest X-ray showed miliary infiltration in bilateral lung fields. Lymph nodal biopsy showed SPINDLE-shaped histiocytes filled with acid-fast bacilli on Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain, suggestive of MSP. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stains were positive for CD68, S-100 and negative for CD31, which are consistent with MSP. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the biopsy tissue was positive for MTB. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was continued and antitubercular therapy (ATT) was started. The fever resolved within two weeks and there was a resolution of lymph nodal swelling by 6 weeks. The diagnosis of MSP associated with mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) makes our case interesting. It is of utmost importance to differentiate MSP from Kaposi’ s sarcoma (KS) and other pseudotumours and to know whether it is of tubercular or non-tubercular origin, as the treatment is entirely different.

SPINDLE cell neoplasms are defined as neoplasms that consist of SPINDLE-shaped cells in the histopathology. SPINDLE cell neoplasms can affect the oral cavity. In the oral cavity, the origin of the SPINDLE cell neoplasms may be traced to epithelial, mesenchymal and odontogenic components. This article aims to review the SPINDLE cell neoplasms of the oral cavity with emphasis on histopathology.